主题：您吃过饭没有，没吃请饭后再来 -- 虽远必诛

今天讲的是-------------------- 大便，准确讲是便秘 constipation。

首先声明出于对您健康的考虑，建议您饭后阅读，因为敏感人士可能会吃不下饭。不想让您营养不良，因此建议饭后，尤其是吃过红烧肉之后。

不用致谢了。

便秘可以说是疾病，也可以说不是，要看时间长短，程度，一般的便秘通常都可以自行缓解。

先看看如何给遍遍归类，The BRISTOL STOOL SCALE

通常分成七类，一型，二型就属于便秘了。5，6，7就是腹泻了。比较理想的是3和4，因此自己看看属于哪个类型。

说心理话，上面的那个图不够温暖，颜色太冷了，这个比较自然。

洋字码好的自己看看吧！

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Type 1: Feces come out in separate, hard lumps, similar to nuts. Type 1 stools have spent the longest amount of time in the colon and are generally difficult to pass. When feces sits in the colon for too long, it can cause one to become constipated. This condition is usually caused by a lack of fluids, lack of friendly bacteria, stress, excess mucus, and not enough good fiber. Avoid alcohol, baking soda, and all products with refined white flour, sugar, white rice and yeast.

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Type 2: Stools are sausage-like in appearance but lumpy.

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Type 3: Stool comes out similar to a sausage but with cracks in the surface.

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Type 4: Feces are smooth and soft in the form of a sausage or snake.

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Type 5: Feces form soft blobs with clear-cut edges that are easily passed through the system.

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Type 6: Stools have fluffy pieces with ragged edges. These are considered mushy stools.

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Type 7: Stool is entirely liquid and watery with no solid pieces. This type of stool has spent the least time in the colon. Diarrhea is usually caused by a bacterial or virus infection from foods or water. It can also be caused from anxiety, food allergy, drugs, or other problems in the colon. This is a sign that something is wrong and the body is trying to cleanse itself.

主要病理改变是粪便在大肠内停留时间过久，粪便内所含的水分被过量吸收，粪便变得干燥坚硬，排便时伴有时间延长，难于排出，肛门坠胀、疼痛，或引起了腹胀、腹痛、多屁、食欲不振、头晕乏力。

常见于老年人，因为老年牙齿不好，因此多进食精细食料，缺乏纤维素。纤维素可以在大肠内吸收保留水分。

另外年老缺乏运动肠蠕动下降，同时盆地肌松弛导致直肠窝内大便堆积。

另外便秘也可由肛周疾病如痔、瘘、结肠癌、直疝等引起。某些铁、铝、钙制剂也可引起便秘。

严重便秘

对于便秘的治疗推荐，

1，锻炼-液体摄入-高纤维素食物

大家可以看到所有的都是针对便秘的病因的。

锻炼可以增加肠蠕动，尤其是盆底肌锻炼pelvic floor muscle（看以前写过的）。

液体摄入要保证1500-2500ml/日，酒精，咖啡因free的。

纤维素食物也是比较重要的，尤其是全麦面包（太黑），水果，蔬菜，坚果等等。看下面

其他的就要药物治疗了，比如说软话药物，渗透性药物，刺激剂，最后就是机械性进入，灌肠。极端的例子要开刀了。

最后预祝大家，天天都能有这个样的便便。

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