主题：【讨论】聊聊特色——上环 -- 一一略过

risks: Ovarian cysts (usually benign),Small risk PID, uterine perforation

Effect on cancer rates

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has concluded that the carcinogenic potential of Mirena is low.[30] According to a 1999 evaluation of the studies performed on progestin-only birth control by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there is some evidence that progestin-only birth control reduces the risk of endometrial cancer. The IARC concluded that there is no evidence progestin-only birth control increases the risk of any cancer, though the available studies were too small to be definitively conclusive.[31] The use of progestin alone in treatment of menopause has been associated with a doubling of risk for breast cancer versus nonuse.[32]

Because breast cancer cells are often hormone-sensitive, Mirena and other hormonal birth control methods are not recommended for women who have, have had, or suspect they have breast cancer.[7]

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