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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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上文我们提到了杰姬.凯并且将她归于苏格兰诗人。她的诗歌听上去确实来自苏格兰,她确实用苏格兰语写作,她确实于1961年生于爱丁堡。但是她也有黑人血统。她的母亲是苏格兰人,父亲是尼日利亚人,尚在襁褓之际她就被送给了格拉斯哥的一户共产主义者家庭领养。最近她还回了一趟爱丁堡寻找生身父母。下面这首《乔治广场》(George Square)是献给她的养父母的赞歌。乔治广场是格拉斯哥各种游行示威活动的惯常终点,而她的养父母毕生都是和平主义者:

My seventy-seven-year-old father

put his reading glasses on

to help my mother do the buttons

on the back of her dress.

'What a pair the two of us are!'

my mother said, 'Me with my sore wrist,

you with your bad eyes, your soft thumbs!'

我那七十七岁的父亲

戴上他的老花镜

帮我母亲在她的洋装

的后背缝扣子。

“你瞧瞧咱俩多般配!”

我妈说道,“我手腕子酸疼,

你眼神不好,大拇指乏力!”

And off they went, my two parents

to march against the war in Iraq,

him with his plastic hips. Her with her arthritis,

to congregate at George Square, where the banners

waved at each other like old friends, flapping,

where they'd met for so many marches over their years,

for peace on earth, for pity's sake, for peace, for peace.

然后他们就出门了,我的父母

参加了反对伊拉克战争的游行

他带着塑料髋关节,她带着一身关节炎

他们在乔治广场集合,无数横幅

像老友重逢一般彼此招摇致意,猎猎作响

他们一辈子见过了多少场游行

为了人间太平,为了怜悯,为了和平,为了和平。

这首诗提醒我们,当代英国不仅更加女性化,不仅种族构成更加复杂,而且人口也越发老龄化。因此我们可以预计,当代英国诗歌比起都铎时代或者维多利亚时代相比会更加关注老年、死亡与丧亲之痛等题材。许多老派诗人都在以新鲜的方式围绕这一相对较新的题材创作诗歌。克里夫.詹姆斯自从二十世纪七十年代就开始了水准不俗的诗歌创作,他想必很不乐意被算进这一类诗人当中。但是他本人亲口说过,越发迫近的死亡为他提供了绝妙的全新题材。诗人总要不断挑战自我,而最近命运刚刚给詹姆斯出了一道有趣的诗题。我们绝大多数人或早或晚都要住院,全身插管,经受各种药物的袭击,完全手足无措。可惜的是只有极少数人能像詹姆斯这样有能力将这种体验记录下来。请看《我最近一次发烧》(My Latest Fever):

My latest fever clad me in cold sweat

And there I was, in hospital again,

Drenched, and expecting an attack of bugs

As devastating as the first few hours

Of Barbarossa, with the Russian air force

Caught on the ground and soldiers by the thousand

Herded away to starve, while Stalin still

Believed it couldn’t happen. But instead

The assault tuned out to be as deadly dull

As a bunch of ancient members of the Garrick

Emerging from their hutch below the stairs

To bore me from all angles as I prayed

For sleep, which only came in fits and starts.

Night after night was like that. Every day

Was like the night before, a hit parade

Of jazzed-up sequences from action movies.

While liquid drugs were pumped into my arm,

My temperature stayed sky high. On the screen

Deep in my head, heroes repaired themselves.

In Rambo: First Blood, Sly Stallone sewed up

His own arm. Then Mark Wahlberg, star of Shooter,

Assisted by Kate Mara, operated

To dig the bullets from his body. Teeth

Were gritted in both cases. No one grits

Like Sly: it looks like a piano sneering.

我最近的发烧害我出了一身冷汗

结果我再次住院,

汗湿全身,等待着细菌的再次进攻

就像巴巴罗萨行动的最初几个钟头

一样暴烈,俄国空军

未及起飞就被摧毁,成千上万的士兵

沦为俘虏,活活饿死,而斯大林却依然

相信这一切不可能发生。

攻击终于到来时却是致命地迟钝

就好比一帮加里克俱乐部的老头子们

从他们在楼梯下面的小屋里钻了出来,

从各个角度向我冲来,而我正在祈祷

睡眠的降临,而睡眠只肯断断续续地到来。

夜复一夜总是这样。每一天

都像前一夜那样,一张流行金曲榜单

全都是选自动作大片的动感配乐

与此同时液体药物被泵入我的手臂,

我的体温始终居高不下。在我脑海深处

的屏幕上,英雄总会包扎好自己。

《第一滴血》里的西尔维斯特.史泰龙缝合了

自己的胳膊。然后是马克.沃尔伯格,《生死狙击》的男一号,

在凯特.玛拉的协助下给自己开刀

取出了体内的子弹。这两人

在影片当中全都牙关紧咬。没人能像西尔维斯特

那样咬牙咬得那么帅,就像一台横眉冷对的钢琴。

Better, however, to be proof against

All damage, as in Salt, where Angelina

Jumps from a bridge on to a speeding truck

And then from that truck to another truck.

In North Korea, tortured for years on end,

She comes out with a split lip. All this mayhem

Raged in my brain with not a cliché scamped.

I saw the heroes march in line towards me

In slow-mo, with a wall of flame behind them,

And thought, as I have often thought, “This is

The pits. How can I make it stop?” It stopped.

On the eleventh day, my temperature

Dived off the bridge like Catherine Zeta-Jones

From the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur.

I had no vision of the final battle.

The drugs, in pill form now, drove back the bugs

Into the holes from which they had attacked.

It might have been a scene from Starship Troopers:

But no, I had returned to the real world.

They sent me home to sleep in a dry bed

Where I felt better than I had for months.

No need to make a drama of my rescue:

Having been saved was like a lease of life,

The thing itself, undimmed by images –

A thrill a minute simply for being so.

不过最好还是刀枪不入

就好像《特工绍特》里的安吉丽娜.朱莉

从桥上跳到飞驰的卡车上

又从卡车上跳到另一辆卡车上。

在朝鲜经受了连年酷刑

最后也就嘴唇上裂了道口子。所有这些残乱

在我的脑海里里翻腾,全无俗套。

我看到所有动作片英雄们排成一列以慢动作

走向我,背后是一堵火墙,

于是我就像平时那样想道:“这就是

地狱火坑。我该怎样停止这一切?”于是真停了下来。

第十一天,我的体温

从桥上一跃而下,就像凯瑟琳.泽塔琼斯

跳下吉隆坡石油双塔。

我没看到最终决战的幻象。

药物——如今是药片形式——击退了细菌

将它们赶回了发动攻击的巢穴。

或许就像《星船伞兵》里的场景。

但是不,我已经返回了现实世界。

他们送我回家,在干燥的床上入睡

此刻我的感觉比过去几个月都要更好。

不需要为我的获救排演大戏:

死里逃生就像租用生命

这物件本身,形象并未暗淡——

仅仅因为存在就将每一分钟都充满刺激。

詹姆斯创作了很多关于疾病与衰老的诗歌,其中有一首一经问世就被奉为经典。在下面这首《日本枫树》(Japanese Maple)当中,身处剑桥公寓的诗人一边思考生与死的问题,一边欣赏着自家小院里赤红灼目的日本枫树。这首诗充分表明,即便在2015年,诗歌依然能以无处不在且亘古长存的题材令读者耳目一新甚至大惊失色:

Your death, near now, is of an easy sort.

So slow a fading out brings no real pain.

Breath growing short

Is just uncomfortable. You feel the drain

Of energy, but thought and sight remain:

你的死亡,愈发接近,将会比较容易。

如此缓慢的消逝不会造成真正的痛苦。

逐渐喘不上气

只是有些不舒服而已。无法弥补

精力的耗尽,但是头脑与视线依然清楚:

Enhanced, in fact. When did you ever see

So much sweet beauty as when fine rain falls

On that small tree

And saturates your brick back garden walls,

So many Amber Rooms and mirror halls?

其实还有所增进。你几时可曾看见

如此甜蜜的美景,细密的雨星

落在那棵小树上面

将花园后院砖墙浸润得亮晶晶,

好似无数琥珀宫与镜厅?

Ever more lavish as the dusk descends

This glistening illuminates the air.

It never ends.

Whenever the rain comes it will be there,

Beyond my time, but now I take my share.

甚至更加绚烂,随着天晚日暮

眼前景象闪闪发光将空气点亮。

永不会结束。

美景将会永在,无论何时雨从天降,

在我的时间之外,但现在我还要欣赏景象。

My daughter’s choice, the maple tree is new.

Come autumn and its leaves will turn to flame.

What I must do

Is live to see that. That will end the game

For me, though life continues all the same:

我女儿的选择,到了今年秋天

花园将会红叶似火,因为她新栽了一棵枫树。

而我必须看到那一天,

无论怎样都得坚持活着,那之后人生就可以结束

对我而言,尽管生活依旧继续如故。

Filling the double doors to bathe my eyes,

A final flood of colors will live on

As my mind dies,

Burned by my vision of a world that shone

So brightly at the last, and then was gone.

充满双开门将我的眼睛沐浴

最后这道色彩的洪流将会奔腾不断

在我的心智死亡之际,

将我的视野烙上一片光明绚烂

如此耀眼直到最后,随即永别消散。

另一首类型相似的诗歌源自苏格兰诗人道格拉斯.邓恩之手。1981年他的妻子去世之后,他创作了一组悼念诗歌,这是其中一首,描述了一个当代人绝对都很熟悉的场景。请看《复诊》(Second Opinion):

We went to Leeds for a second opinion.

After her name was called,

I waited among the apparently well

And those with bandaged eyes and dark spectacles.

我们前往利兹复诊。

在她被叫进去之后

我等在看似健康的人们

以及用绷带缠着眼睛与青紫眼圈的人们当中。

A heavy mother shuffled with bad feet

And a stick, a pad over one eye,

Leaving her children warned in their seats.

The minutes went by like a winter.

一位很胖的母亲拖着有毛病的双脚

拄着手杖,一只眼捂着眼罩,

她将孩子们留在座位上,警告他们不许下来。

每一分钟都像冬天那样漫长。

They called me in. What moment worse

Than that young doctor trying to explain?

‘It’s large and growing.’ ‘What is?’ ‘Malignancy.’

‘Why there? She’s an artist!’

他们把我也叫了进去。可还会有哪个时刻

比起这位年轻医生试图解释的这一刻更糟糕?

“尺寸很大且正在生长。”“什么?”“是恶性的。”

“怎么偏偏长在哪里?!她可是个艺术家!”

He shrugged and said, ‘Nobody knows.’

He warned me it might spread. ‘Spread?’

My body ached to suffer like her twin

And touch the cure with lips and healing sesames.

他耸耸肩答道:“谁也不知道。”

他警告我可能扩散。“扩散?”

我的身体呻吟着想要与她一起受苦

用双唇与治愈的芝麻来触摸解药。

No image, no straw to support me – nothing

To hear or see. No leaves rustling in sunlight.

Only the mind sliding against events

And the antiseptic whiff of destiny.

没有图像,没有支撑我的稻草——没什么

可听或者可看的。阳光下没有沙沙作响的树叶。

只有贴着事件滑落的心智

与命运散发的消毒水气息。

Professional anxiety –

His hand on my shoul der

Showing me to the door, a scent of soap,

Medical fingers, and his wedding ring.

职业性质的焦虑——

他的手搭在我的肩头

请我离开。肥皂的气味,

行医的手指修长,还带着婚戒。

在本书即将收尾之际——笔者衷心希望各位读者能够衷心享受书中收录的诗歌,就像笔者衷心享受将它们收录在此一样——我们或许面临着过于悲观的风险。因此笔者要介绍的最后一位诗人是詹姆斯.米契。米契是一位古典主义者,就像许多最优秀的诗人一样因为翻译贺拉斯的颂歌而闻名。他平生大部分时间都从事出版行业,出版了西尔维娅.普拉斯的许多重要诗集。他于2007年死于喉癌,不过在此之前他为读者们献上了一批诗歌,记录了他对于当代老年的思考。下面这首《嘿-嚯!》(Heigh-ho!)讲的是诗人如何拒绝关心重大议题,令笔者回想起了亚瑟.休.克拉夫:

My days of global worrying are long gone.

I'm now a joker callused by the years.

When people badger me to comment on

Aids, clones, the owners only, nuclear fears ...

I simply wag my great big furry ears.

我关心世界大事的日子早已说再见。

如今我就是个丑角,岁月粗粝了我的心窝。

现在要是再有人缠着我发表意见

关于艾滋病、克隆技术、私人圈地,核危机……非要问我怎么说,

我只会摇晃摇晃我这对毛茸茸的大耳朵。

Deplorable, I know, but there you are.

As the arrival of the unthinkable nears -

Atomic chaos, a colliding star,

Calamitous climatic change - my dears,

I simply wag my great big furry ears.

多么可悲可怜,我知道,但是你且看。

尽管不可思议的灾难就要贴到脸上——

星星撞向地球,原子层面的混乱,

毁天灭地的气候变化——好家伙,那又怎样?

我只会把我这对毛茸茸的大耳朵摇晃摇晃。

I'm a part of it, so I can sympathise

With the world drenched in blood and sweat and tears,

And yet I somehow lack the enterprise

To act: I watch, reach for the glass that cheers-

And simply wag my great big furry ears.

我也是世界的一份子,因此也能感同身受,

这个浸透鲜血汗水与眼泪的世界确实挺招人心疼,

不过尽管如此我的干劲依然不太够,

于是就手拿酒杯旁观叫好,懒得出力瞎逞能——

我只会摇晃摇晃我这对大耳朵毛茸茸。

曾经是良心拒服兵役者的米契其实是个很勇敢的人。面对着根本而言无法忍受的痛苦,他展现出了英国人特有的低调坚忍。请看《医院笑话》(Hospital Joke)

Shelley had his little whine

the ‘superincumbent hours'——

Mine is life without weather and wine,

Nothing but slops and flowers.

雪莱就会哭哭啼啼

抱怨“覆压下来的时刻”——

我的人生没有红酒与天气,

除了糊糊与鲜花就不剩什么。

The moral of this verse is:

However dire one's ills,

Be thankful for small nurses

And blue remembered pills.

这首诗的中心思想你可知道:

无论你患有多么严重的病恙,

总得感谢小护士的精心照料

还有蓝色药丸按时服用不能忘。

这首诗确实短而坚忍,但是他的绝笔诗《癌症,或者咬人的被咬了》(Cancer, or the Biter Bit)在这两方面都更有过之:

I used to fancy crabmeat as a treat

Now Crab's the epicure, and I'm the meat.

我曾经喜欢将螃蟹肉当做小吃

如今螃蟹成了美食家,我被它吞吃。

笔者为这最后一章起的题目是“大家一起来”,但是显然笔者十分可耻地未能履行这一承诺。什么?居然没选克里斯托弗.罗格?没选乔治.麦克白、R.S.托马斯或者德里克.马洪?甚至都没选安德鲁.莫森与克里斯托弗.里德?稍安勿躁,稍安勿躁——笔者可以想象肯定将会有无数诗迷们愤怒地朝着笔者挥拳示威,至少也会气得咬牙切齿。笔者在此只能说声抱歉。当代英国诗坛实在是一片人头攒动之地,如果要将所有优秀诗人全都囊括进来,再写一本同等篇幅的书也绝对不够。但是笔者确实希望自己已经回答了那个真正关键的最终问题:诗歌在当今社会依然还有一席之地吗?如果诗歌依然能反映我们的希望与恐惧,我们周遭的世界以及我们眼下对于自身的看法——这正是诗歌自古以来的职能——那么当代英国诗歌的表现就算得上称职。诗人的面貌已经大不相同了——比方说今天的诗人远比历史上更有可能长着子宫;诗歌的面貌也已经大不相同了,今天的诗歌往往在屏幕上一行行闪过,周围环绕着恼人的广告,又或者安安稳稳地待在高档报刊的底版;有时它们会蓦然现身在路边公告牌上或者伦敦地铁站里。今天的诗集装订设计之精美,在笔者的回忆当中前无先例,但是相对而言依然不算畅销。从2009年到2013年,英国诗歌类出版物的销量下滑了25%。在2013年,英国出版界最具活力与冒险精神的独立诗歌出版社绍特书局宣布,今后再出版单一诗人的诗集已经无法回本了。

但是话又说回来,精心挑选的诗歌选集依然大有可为。诗歌奖项依然频繁登上报纸头版。丽兹.洛赫海德与卡罗尔.安.达菲依然是新闻人物。最关键的是,诗歌的本质与职能都没有变化。诗歌依然会带给我们最新鲜的新鲜信息,诗歌的口袋里依然装满了思想,诗歌依然会从生活的第一线朝我们飞扑过来。自从凯德蒙的头韵与韵律折服了一群被雨水淋湿的修士以来,诗歌就一直是英伦三岛上一切文化的核心。时至今日依然如此。

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