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主题:【原创】美国视角1: 中国在朝鲜战争中的角色 -- 爱吃肉的兔子

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  • 家园 【原创】美国视角1: 中国在朝鲜战争中的角色

    近日忙中得闲,看了些美国现役和退役军人发表的一些评估和回忆朝鲜战争的文章,现在翻译总结一下,看看美方视角中的朝鲜战争.

    (注:我写这个系列的目的不是夸大美军的能力,而是想展示我们的战士在怎样的艰苦条件下战斗,是怎么把自己的智慧发挥的淋漓尽致。我也绝对不相信所谓的美国军人所说的人海战术,life is cheap in China 是他们的无知和诬蔑,我唯一相信的是:为了达到战术和战略目的,作为我方军队指挥官,只能尽可能利用自己的优势:无畏,近战,夜战和集中火力,后者尤其重要,既然我方的火力和钢铁投射在当时根本没有可能和美军比)

    今天首先介绍一篇1997年的硕士论文,"朝鲜战争:中国的介入" by Harry M. Crocker. 介绍正文之前,先介绍作者,他写论文的时候是美军上士,就职于路易斯安娜州第二装甲步兵团情报分析部门,也曾经在美军第四步兵师和第十山地师服役过.

    论文长达九十页,我节选了他的结论部分和一些观点(原文后是我的翻译):

    "The Chinese could claim victory in that they had fought the United States to a standstill

    and demonstrated to the world that they were a force not to be taken lightly. The CCF had

    gained a vast amount of experience in the conduct of modern warfare as well. Approximately 73 percent of Chinas infantry forces, 67 percent of the artillery forces and 100 percent of the

    armored forces participated in the conflict at one time or another."

    中国可以宣称他们的胜利,因为他们(军队)的战斗阻止了美国的前进,并且向世界展示了他们不是可以轻侮的力量.同时中国志愿军也获得了丰富的现代军事作战的经验.新中国约73%的步兵,67%的炮兵还有100%的装甲兵参与了至少一次战斗.

    Though China could claim victory of a sort, Maos errors ensured that he would never

    realize his dream of a unified China. Marshal Nie Rongzhen best summed up the reasons for

    Chinas failure to achieve its goals in intervening in the Korean War. "We entered the war in haste and were not well prepared. Moreover, we had little combat experience with the American army outside China," he stated.

    尽管中国可以宣称他们的某些胜利,毛的失误却让他统一中国的梦想破灭了(注:即使没有朝鲜战争,在其爆发前三个月,美军第七舰队已经进驻台湾海峡,而后宣布台湾海峡的中立化。美国的干涉才是主席无法统一台湾的原因,作者是有偏见的。当然,朝鲜战争的爆发确实改变了中国军队在当时的战略方向。).聂荣臻元帅最好的总结了中国武装干涉朝鲜战争却没有达到目的(注:作者认为中国失败了,因为中国尤其是毛主席的开始目标是把美国赶出朝鲜,南北统一在朝鲜人民民主共和国旗帜下)的原因: 我们没有准备好就匆忙的加入战争.而且,我们几乎没有和美国军队在国外交战的经验.

    总的来说,作者对中国军队评价很客观,引用了大量我方资料.尤其是对彭德怀元帅评价很高,多次提到彭和毛的分歧,其间也提到金日成和彭德怀元帅的矛盾,原文是

    Kim raged at Peng for his refusal to continue his assault against a defeated enemy,claiming the Chinese were exaggerating their problems.Despite Kims outburst, Peng

    remained firm on his position and began to rebuild his forces.

    金日成对彭德怀元帅拒绝继续攻击失败的敌人非常不满,宣称中国军队夸大了他们的问题(和困难). 没搭理金日成的爆发,彭德怀元帅坚持自己的意见(没有出击)并开始重组他的军队.

    看完的感觉是老美对中国军队的了解非常细致,包括后勤洪学智和东北高岗的支持,也详细描述了中国军队的五次战役过程及其成果.作为美国现役军人的作者,应该是代表了美国军方相当一部分人的观点.供大伙参考.

    待续。后续链接见下:

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】美国视角2: 美国空军的作用评估(上)

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】美国视角2: 美国空军的作用评估(下)

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】美国视角3: 老兵回忆之长津之战-1

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】美国视角4: 战俘回忆

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】【原创】美国视角5: 被击落的美军王牌

    爱吃肉的兔子:【原创】作品相关-彭德怀元帅-风的简介

    关键词(Tags): #美国视角(嘉英)#朝鲜战争(嘉英)通宝推:桥上,回旋镖,老拙,游识猷,人云亦云,桃子甜,匿名:1

    本帖一共被 4 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
    • 家园 【原创】美国视角5: 被击落的美军王牌

      背景介绍: Harold E. Fischer, Jr.1925年生于美国IOWA州,1950年朝鲜战争爆发时是美国空军上尉,驾驶洛克希德(现在生产F22猛禽战斗机的公司)的F-80战斗轰炸机,执行过105次战斗任务,随后转飞北美飞机公司的F-86战斗机,他取得了击坠10次的格斗记录.是美军双料王牌(美军称为双料ACE). 1953年,在第70次战斗飞行中被我军的王牌飞行员(五次击坠)韩德彩击落.

      F-80战斗轰炸机,志愿军称之为油挑子也.

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      F-80的作战

      From Japan it was a long way. We could make a few passes, and then we'd refuel at Taegu. It was all ground support, attacking Communist troops, vehicles, trains if you could catch them. Actually, during the day the trains went into tunnels, and we would try to close the entrances. We carried 500-pound bombs, napalm and rockets, and we had our six .50-caliber machine guns. The most effective was napalm — you didn't exactly have to hit the target.

      驾驶F-80战斗轰炸机从日本要飞很久。我们能飞几个来回.然后我们会在韩国大邱加油。基本都是地面火力支援.只要能抓住他们, 我们会攻击共产党军队,以及他们的汽车,火车。事实上,在白天, 即使列车进入隧道,我们也会尝试攻击关闭隧道出口。我们使用的武器有500磅炸弹,凝固汽油弹,火箭,我们还有6挺机载0.50口径的机枪。最有效的武器是凝固汽油弹.因为你不用准确击中目标(汽油弹的杀伤范围很广)。(注:美军的攻击可见猖狂,毛岸英烈士就是在被凝固汽油弹击中阵亡.)

      F-86战斗机

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      转飞F-86战斗机

      In my F-80 squadron there was a lot of experience, even people who flew original jets, but they hardly talked. With the F-86 squadron it was different. You could evaluate who was successful and who was not, who wanted to fight and who did not, and who was there for political reasons — to do the thing you needed to do for your career. You learn from other people. You could learn a lot at the bar. I didn't always know enough to ask.

      在我待过的F-80中队,很多人很有经验,甚至有最早飞行喷气战斗机的,但他们很少交谈。这个与F-86中队不同。你可以猜测谁是成功的,谁不是,谁渴望战斗,谁不是,谁来是由于政治原因为自己将来的事业打基础。你可以学习别人。在酒吧聊天,你可以学到很多。我并不总是知道问些问题。(注:看来那里都是一样,有混日子的,有勇敢的,有目的明确的.)

      米格15战斗机,很好看

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      第一次击坠

      I moved up into lead, and when I saw the MiGs — they were everywhere — I called that I was going to make a bounce. So I took this bounce, and actually I didn't have a target in sight. Then two MiGs started going north. They were a long distance away, and I used Kentucky windage and tracers, and just fired short bursts. Eventually, one of the two started a descent to the left. So I fired again, and then moved up beside the aircraft. I saw the canopy gone and no pilot. I turned around and started climbing out, and there was the pilot in a parachute. I didn't have time to pull the circuit breakers to deactivate the guns, so I just moved to the right and fired a few rounds to activate the camera. I flew right by him and waved. He had a ribbon parachute like the Germans used in World War II, and a lot of cold weather flying equipment. Doug had told me you'll never sleep the first night you get a kill. And he was right — you keep reliving it.

      在战斗飞行中,我先上升到长机位置,当我看到米格15战斗机-他们无处不在-我对自己说,我要打下一个。然后我开始寻找,实际上一开始我并没有看到目标。然后,我发现两架米格战斗机向北飞。他们离我很远,我凭借经验和曳光弹来估计风向引起的水平偏差,开始点射机枪火力。终于,两架里的一个开始从左侧下坠。然后,我再次开火,然后飞到那个飞机的旁边。我看到了驾驶舱,但没有飞行员。我转了个圈,开始爬升,我看到一个降落伞和飞行员。我没有时间去拉开断路器,停止我的机载机枪火力. 我向右转,发射了几颗子弹来启动机载相机(记录击坠来报战功)。我飞到了飞行员的右边,并向他招手。他有一个像二战德军使用的条带式降落伞,身上穿着寒冷天气的飞行配置。DOUG(Mr.Fischer的教官,皇家加拿大空军飞行员,二战王牌)曾告诉我,当你有第一次猎杀记录的时候,那天晚上你睡不着。他是对的-那天晚上我总是会回想。(注:两个要点,远距离,偷袭.Mr.Fisher还有点良心,没有射杀飞行员,但为了记录,也好不到那里去)

      第五次击坠

      When I first fired on him, the MiG was a long distance away, flying toward China. He started to burn. He slowed, and I was able to go up alongside. I saw the pilot, beating on the canopy. He couldn't get out. I didn't want him to burn to death, so I dropped back, intending to shoot him down. I was behind and very close. The burning MiG was streaming molten metal back on my aircraft and caused one of the rounds in my guns to explode. That severed the rudder cable, and I thought I'd been hit. I lost pressurization. It became a question of whether I could get back or not. I came back at 43,000 feet, as high as the F-86 could get, and I got the bends because there was no pressurization. I felt sad about the MiG pilot. I had felt no animosity toward him.

      当我第一次朝他开火的时候,米格15战斗机离我还很远,他正朝着中国方向飞行。飞机开始燃烧。然后放缓,我飞到他的旁边。我看到飞行员击打座舱盖,他无法脱身。我不想他被活活烧死,所以我稍微向后退了点,打算向他开火(给个解脱)。我飞到他后面,距离非常近。以致于燃烧的米格战斗机熔化的金属甚至流到我的飞机上,导致一颗子弹在飞机机枪里爆炸了。这切断了尾舵钢缆,我还以为我被击中了。我的座舱失去压力。不过现在的首要问题是我能不能飞回去,所以我保持在4万3千英尺,也就是F86能飞到的最高高度,飞了回去(以便如果有其它机械故障还能滑翔回场),结果因为座舱失压,我得了减压病。我为被击中的米格飞行员感到难过。我个人对他没有敌意。(注:向牺牲的飞行员致敬.Mr.Fischer有点良心,我是说,战场上给必死的敌人一个痛快也是一种敬意.)

      被韩德彩击落

      I saw four other airplanes and initiated an attack on them. I allowed for the problem with the guns and hit two of the MiGs, both Russians. Years later I talked with the Russian pilots. One of them said I had hit him 14 times, right behind the cockpit in the wing root. He had to land with his wheels up. The second MiG I hit was also a Russian aircraft. And there was a third MiG that I hit really hard, and it crashed. When I bailed out there was this one MiG that was floating around. He had no power and was burning. I thought he was coming toward me, and all I had was my .45. I think he was Chinese, but I'm not sure. With the MiG where I saw the numbers 341 on its side, I had this bad feeling about getting ahead of the target. In this case, all kinds of debris was coming off the MiG in front of me — the third one — and I pulled up through it. And there, right over the top of him, my engine died, the throttle came back in my hand and the warning lights came on. We were told that when you have fire warning lights, you've got 30 seconds to bail out. I was just high enough so there was an opening shock when I ejected. I came down on the side of a hill. I didn't have a hard landing because my parachute got caught up on some shrubbery.

      我看到4架米格飞机(Mr.Fisher当时正在偷袭我方降落的飞机),并开始对他们开火。尽管我的机枪有问题,我还是击中了对方,头两个是苏联人。几年后,我与被击落的俄罗斯飞行员交谈。其中一人说我打中他14次,位置在右机翼根部驾驶舱后面。他最后没有起落架机腹朝地。第二架被击落地米格也是俄罗斯人。还有第三架米格15,我真的打地很厉害,他在坠毁。当我跳伞时候,我看到这架米格在盘旋。那架飞机在燃烧,并且也失去动力.我当时以为他在向我飞过来,而我有的只是我的0.45口径手枪。我想他是中国飞行员,但我不能肯定。(回忆关于被击落的瞬间)我有种很糟糕的感觉,怕冲到目标前面,我看到那架米格飞机侧面编号为341. 在当时,被击落的,就是第三架被击落的米格飞机散发出来的各种碎片在我面前飞舞。于是我就把飞机拉起来(减速)。在他的正上方,我的引擎突然死掉,油门杆在手里向后滑,机载警示灯也亮了(当时韩德彩在他上面,直接击中了他)。我们训练的时候被告知,当你有火灾危险警告灯,你必须在30秒内摆脱困境。我当时的高度刚刚够跳伞,所以我很害怕,当我弹出来的时候,我落在在山丘的另一边。我的着陆还好,因为我的降落伞挂在一些灌木林上。(注:韩德彩打的好,看得解气.)

      韩德彩照片

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      Mr.Fischer的照片

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      战俘感想

      I feel I was lucky to be a prisoner of the Chinese. They treat their prisoners the way they treat their troops, in the way they feed and house them. It was not the way the North Koreans did it.

      我觉得我很幸运,我是说作为中国人的战俘。他们对待战俘和对待他们自己的军队差不多,我吃的和住的和他们一样。这可不是北朝鲜军队对战俘的方式。

      花絮1: 根据Mr.Fisher的回忆,其实他们和美国政府早知道早期作战的飞行员来自前苏联.后来的中方飞行员是在短暂培训后参战的.朝鲜空军没有米格15,驾驶的都是雅克战斗机.

      花絮2: Mr.Fisher可能看电影多了,在关押的时候还打通墙壁,试图假扮苏联人,偷一架米格飞机逃跑.被我志愿军战士抓获.居然没被枪毙.真是让我们感叹志愿军的宽大.

      花絮3:2009年Mr.Fisher在Las Vegas,Nevada去世的时候,

      无耻的美国下流大报纽约时报还造谣说Mr.Fisher在战俘营被虐待(Tortured).

      结尾: 1955年五月Mr.Fisher被释放回美,两个月后恢复战斗任务.其后也参加了越南战争,不过,改开直升机了. 1996年,他来中国访问,见到了击落他的韩德彩将军,并赠送了F-86战斗机模型.

      两人合影照片: 左二是Fischer,左三是韩德彩

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      关键词(Tags): #抗美援朝#米格#空战#韩德彩通宝推:侧翼,舞月轻云,

      本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
      • 家园 谢铢钱

        送花成功,可取消。有效送花赞扬。恭喜:你意外获得 8 铢钱。

        参数变化,作者,声望:1;铢钱:0。你,乐善:1;铢钱:7。本帖花:1

      • 家园 几处翻译得不准确

        I used Kentucky windage and tracers

        我用Kentucky偏差分析和示踪仪

        Kentucky windage 意思是凭经验估计射击的水平偏移量,tracer是曳光弹。所以这句话的意思是“我利用曳光弹的弹迹来估计瞄准偏移量”。

        I saw the pilot, beating on the canopy. He couldn't get out. 我看到飞行员在机舱里被打中了。他无法脱身。
        这句的意思是,我看到飞行员在捶打座舱盖(估计是卡死了打不开)。他没法出来。

        I lost pressurization.。。。。and I got the bends because there was no pressurization

        我失去了加压。现在成了我是否能回来与否的问题。我保持在在四万三千英尺的高度飞了回来,这是F-86可以到达的极限,因为没有液压,我飞的弯弯曲曲(没有方向舵)

        pressurization指的是飞行员座舱的增压,lost pressurization也就是说他的密封座舱破了,造成座舱低气压,而bends指的是减压病(潜水员得的那种病)造成的关节疼痛。

        这段的意思是我的座舱失去压力。不过现在的首要问题是我能不能飞回去,所以我还是在4万3千英尺,也就是F86能飞到的最高高度,飞了回去(以便如果有其它机械故障还能滑翔回场),结果因为座舱失压,我得了减压病。

        此外rudder cable是一根钢缆,连接舵踏板(或者伺服机构)和尾舵,通过机械方式来传递尾舵的偏转量,所以rudder cable应该翻译成尾舵钢缆,而不是舵电缆。

        I had this bad feeling about getting ahead of the target. ……and I pulled up through it.And there, right over the top of him, my engine died,……

        当我飞到攻击目标前面的时候,我有很糟糕的感觉。……我飞过后想拉起来。就在那里,在他的右侧上方,我的引擎突然死掉

        这里是说,我有种很糟糕的感觉,怕冲到目标前面,……于是我就把飞机拉起来(减速)。在他的正上方,我的引擎突然停了,……

        • 家园 三人行,必有我师

          王兄高见。辛苦了。

          I used Kentucky windage and tracers

          我用Kentucky偏差分析和示踪仪

          确实如老王所说的,这里Kentucky windage and tracer指一种凭借经验和曳光弹来估计风向引起的水平偏差。

          I saw the pilot, beating on the canopy. He couldn't get out. 我看到飞行员在机舱里被打中了。他无法脱身。

          这个确实我想当然了,是beating.不是被打中。

          I lost pressurization.。。。。and I got the bends because there was no pressurization

          我失去了加压。现在成了我是否能回来与否的问题。我保持在在四万三千英尺的高度飞了回来,这是F-86可以到达的极限,因为没有液压,我飞的弯弯曲曲(没有方向舵)

          这个问题王兄说得很专业。我完全赞同。

          I had this bad feeling about getting ahead of the target. ……and I pulled up through it.And there, right over the top of him, my engine died,……

          当我飞到攻击目标前面的时候,我有很糟糕的感觉。……我飞过后想拉起来。就在那里,在他的右侧上方,我的引擎突然死掉

          最后一个,王兄的翻译更准确。

          感谢老王的指正,非常专业!

      • 家园 最后一张照片图释有错误

        左三是韩德彩

      • 家园 送花, 并挑几个小错

        送花致敬。

        良璧微瑕,挑几个小错。

        you didn't exactly have to hit the target. -但是在天上飞你不知道到底有没有击中目标 - 你不用直接命中目标 (就可产生杀伤)

        He had to land with his wheels up. - 他最后机轮朝天着地 - 这里应该是起落架未放下的状况下着陆吧。

        When I bailed out there was this one MiG that was floating around. He had no power and was burning. I thought he was coming toward me, and all I had was my .45 - 所以我用我的0.45口径机枪射击 - 这时Fisher已经跳伞, 所以他的意思是他以为米格在向他飞过来, 而他只有随身的.45口径手枪防身(机枪口径为.50)。

        吹毛求疵, 兔兄勿怪!

        • 家园 多谢。

          昨天原稿给丢了。我临时写的,有很多错误。

          you didn't exactly have to hit the target.

          这个错误可真够大的。谢谢。

          He had to land with his wheels up.

          恩。确实,这个机轮在上的意思应该是没放下。不然无法落地。

          When I bailed out there was this one MiG that was floating around. He had no power and was burning. I thought he was coming toward me, and all I had was my .45

          这个你的意思是对的。F-86和F-80都是0。5英寸的机枪。

          惭愧啊,一头冷汗。我来修改。

      • 家园 这里lead是长机的意思

        僚机就是wing。

      • 家园 志愿军对待战俘比对自己的队伍还好

        I feel I was lucky to be a prisoner of the Chinese. They treat their prisoners the way they treat their troops, in the way they feed and house them. It was not the way the North Koreans did it.

        郑凯梅的《美国兵眼里的战争》里也提到过,刚开始美军战俘吃的是和志愿军一样的口粮,但是他们吃惯了肉的肠胃根本无法消化。反过来,南朝鲜军的战俘给一碗高粱米粥就能活下来。

        鉴于这种情况,志愿军总部从国内紧急运过来一批细粮和肉、蛋、奶,给这些王八蛋享用。

        郑凯梅的书里面还谈到一个美国兵逃跑了三次被抓回来都没有被枪毙。其中第三次逃跑的时候,还顺手端掉了一个志愿军的高射机枪阵地(这个阵地上的射手刚在前两天击落一架美军轰炸机),被抓住的时候其他志愿军战士气愤地要杀了他,结果被干部制止了,带回战俘营。连作者(郑凯梅)听说这个事情后都非常气愤,打电话质问他的上级查理上校:“中国人对伊顿那么好、那么多次救了他(有好几次从人民军手上把他给救下来,有一次还动了枪,虽然没有打起来),为什么他逃跑的时候还要杀中国军人?”回答是久久的沉默。

        就是伊顿自己,在接受郑凯梅采访的时候也只是提到了前两次从战俘营逃跑的经历,他说不想把第三次的经历告诉她,因为伊顿自己受不了。凯梅回家几天后收到伊顿寄来一个包裹,里面是他的战争回忆录,是他口述,他的妻子从打字机上打出来的。翻看这些回忆录,可以看出在70年代的时候,伊顿谈到自己逃跑过程中“孤胆”杀死两个中国机枪手的经历颇为自豪,而且对中国军人很多侮辱的词汇,但越到后面,这样的词汇用得越少,对敌手的评价也更客观。直到接受凯梅采访的时候,内心的愧疚都无法让他坦白地面对面说出第三次逃跑的经过。

        这本书写得不错,建议大家看一看。

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