主题：【原创】F-35的苦日子还没有开始呢 -- 晨枫

前几天一个船老大说，某造船厂造某某小舰，就一千多吨，武器雷达都不是他们的，就造一个壳子，X亿哪。

船老大说，要他自己来造，一千多万就可以啦。当然我不相信一千多万够，可是那X亿，也太不把人民币当钱了吧。

大概还有旧机床附件，比如螺杆丝杠。

一个386等级的挫货，不过是RISC内核的，一样intel制造，具体型号记不得了

需要的技能不同，大部分时候无法合并。

听你这么说回想起以前跟美国一家探测仪器公司和德国一家大型公司搞技术引进和交流的一些体会，这两家都是军民通吃，有这么几点：

1、美国公司的软件开发和测试人员，很多是没有大学学历的，大概相当于我们的中专、大专的水平，但是如你所说，很多人干一件事情干了10来年，在一个专项上还是合格的，但论知识面是比咱们国家这帮人差很多，干专业的活因为职业态度和能力选择问题反倒更专心和深入，做得比国内的好，这方面我在国内也带过几百人，有深刻体会，本事不大，人心太活，毕竟是发展中国家，机会太多，老美的那些普通程序员、测试人员个个都想有机会进大学深造镀金，但机会不多。美国人用来开发军品或者大型系统的软件和语言未必就是最新的，恰好相反通常用的是广泛普及成熟的，比如C/C++，Ada较早时用得很多，但他们注重知识积累，对一些辅助软件开发和测试的工具一旦采用会不断完善优化，给后续项目形成更便利的基础，继承和复用方面是真正做到位的。

2、相比而言，德国的软件从业人员特点是老龄化严重，比美国严重，50、60的老头大把，有次跟个小年轻（我们认为的年青骨干，很聪明）开玩笑了解到，德国政府给这些年轻人的学习福利是很好的，只要他们愿意，随时可以申请进大学继续深造，国家提供福利补助，只不过很多人一方面想多挣些钱（其实年青的跟年老的薪酬差10倍很正常，福利社会呀~），或者有升职希望，就暂缓读书了，但想读还是很容易的，只是出来再找好工作就难了，欧洲失业率一直是居高不下，好在社保福利还可以。软件开发、测试和过程管控方面跟美国很相似，比较注重规范化、产品化和知识积累。

3、F-35的软件架构由于开发较晚，基本是吸收采用了商用套件的一些架构思路，说白了就是分层松耦合（搞软件开发的这个词应该都听起老茧了），注重软件部件的可重用和集成能力，同时避免了底层软硬件更换对上层应用的影响，可以按插件的思路局部升级换代，主体是C/C++，兼容旧的Ada驱动。2400万行代码除了基础的飞控、显控、指令控制等外，多数用在了多任务功能包上，因为F-35是三军通用机型，但不代表三军的武器火控、机动要求等就一样，事实上基本是一军一套，所以整个软件代码越垒越多。其实要说起来到目前为止F-35的飞控代码都还没实测验证完，武器和任务代码的测试更差得远，不过基本作战能力还是有了。针对不同军种的要求，服役时只需要启用基础公用部分和该军种专用任务和武器部分软件就可以了，倒不用全部联调通过，就像机头下的综合光电设备一样，有些军种或任务下可以不装，但保留空壳，需要时再加，也保持了几种机型间较高的结构部件通用性。

4、软件开发人员干久了倒可以转测试，一方面有经验，另一方面也是个精力和压力调节问题，但直接让开发人员测试自己开发的软件不可取，思维局限在自己的需求理解和开发逻辑上，基本发现不了问题，至少要交叉测试，这个在国内中小软件企业中很常见到。从专业性上讲，还是应该有专业的需求分析和测试人员，关键是建立好管控机制和信息沟通渠道。

5、美国对华人尤其是中国大陆过去的软件人员还是很戒备的，我认识一个中科院过去的教授，在那边做高级技术总监，很多年了，涉及到民品还好，一旦有军民共用的技术领域都还是隔离的，普通开发、测试人员也都是如此，防范比较严。这个说起来也是人之常情，全球都差不多，一如我们可以用俄罗斯、乌克兰的工程师介入军品设计，但绝不会用美国人、日本人一样，美国人愿意用欧洲、印度等国家的工程师介入军品但绝不会用俄罗斯、中国的人。

f35内置蛋仓温度过高，接近导弹环境温度极限。可能导致JDAM炸弹自曝,或者影响AIM120D电子元件正常工作。

Developers of the multinational F-35 are finally embarking on a multi-year campaign to demonstrate the single-engine stealthy fighter's ability to dispatch weapons. But uncertainties loom about the impact of internal-carriage requirements on those weapons' effectiveness.

The Lockheed Martin F-35, and the F-22 before it, have introduced a new level of complexity into the air-launched-weapons world by demanding that munitions long anchored on external wing and belly pylons of legacy fighters be carried in small, stealthy internal bays. The Air Force decided decades ago to forgo large payloads—epitomized by the F-15 Strike Eagle—in pursuit of a significantly reduced radar cross section, allowing for fighters to evade air defenses and penetrate into enemy air space.

While the F-22 was a step in this direction, the F-35 is expected to carry far more weapon types in its bay, which has a challenging thermal and acoustic environment. Although the bay has not presented developers with conditions beyond the specifications of weapons slated for use in the F-35, engineers acknowledge there is little margin. “We are within about 10-12 degrees in most cases. But it is close” to the design specifications of some weapons, says Charlie Wagner, weapons integrated project team lead for the F-35 Joint Program Office. “It is not that simple, though. Maybe I can get [a weapon] that hot. But can I get it hot for an hour? Or can it be that hot for two days?”

Wagner says experts in the military are studying the potential prolonged and cumulative effects of operating so close to margin for weapons such as the 1,000-lb. GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and GBU-31 2,000-lb. version. Both ground-attack weapons are slated for early use on the aircraft. A thornier issue, perhaps, will be the environmental impact of the bay on weapons employing more sophisticated electronics, sensors and motors, such as the Raytheon AIM-120C7/D Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (Amraam) or British AIM-132 Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (Asraam). “I don't know if the weapons people know that for sure,” says Wagner. “We are pushing what they designed to. . . . If I'm going to the extreme of what they tested [a weapon] to, they may not have a real good understanding of how that is going to affect the weapon over the next 20 years.”

Operating near or at the margins is not new for the F-35 program, which has suffered problems keeping the F-35B to the required weight. Though the weight issues have been resolved—with roughly 300 lb. of margin now on the aircraft, according to Marine Corps Commandant Gen. James Amos—developers are loath to run into similar problems with the operating margins of weapons in the F-35 bay. This is especially true as the Pentagon faces major funding cuts in the coming years; shortcomings in programs could make them vulnerable for reductions or terminations by Congress.

As scientists and engineers continue to study these issues, the flight-testing program is moving forward. The first jettison test took place Aug. 8, when a GBU-32 was dropped from BF-03, a short-takeoff-and-vertical-landing F-35B at NAS Patuxent River, Md. The trial was designed only to ensure safe separation, and the weapon was inert. This is the first in a short series of such jettison tests. At least two are slated for next month, including the first drop of a GBU-31 from a conventional-takeoff-and-landing F-35A.

The F-35 maintained a speed of roughly Mach 0.65 at level flight for the first drop; higher speeds are slated for future demonstrations. However, Wagner notes that it is not urgent to test high bank angles for JDAM drops because, in the field, the F-35 will likely be employed primarily in level flying conditions to maintain the lowest radar cross section possible for ground-attack missions.

Varied angle-of-attack maneuvers will come into play when engineers begin testing the use of Amraam on the F-35. As pilots will want to “fire and forget” their air-attack weapons, they will need to employ them in a much larger flight envelope than the ground-attack munitions.

Unlike the JDAM series, Amraam is powered by a solid-rocket-fuel motor and is dispatched from its position on the door of the F-35 weapon bay. JDAMs are carried on a bomb rack mounted inside the belly.

Initially, developers plan only to demonstrate safe separation of the Amraam, using test bodies lacking a rocket motor. They hope to actually fire an Amraam from the F-35 by the end of January, Wagner says.

Although the three F-35 types share some elements, each weapon model must be tested separately on each fighter version. Those trials will be conducted in parallel, he says. The program prioritizes tests of internal-carriage weapons, as those are required for the Block II and Block III F-35 releases; Block IIB software is what the U.S. Marine Corps will use for declaring initial operational capability (IOC) with its F-35Bs.

The first external weapons will be used in Block III, which is the software version required for IOC for Air Force and Navy models; Block III will be released no earlier than 2017. Introduction of the Boeing GBU-39 Small-Diameter Bomb, a 250-lb. glide weapon, is slated for the Block IV software release at the end of the decade. This weapon was developed by the Air Force specifically to maximize the number of ground targets that the F-35, with its limited internal-bay space, can attack on a single mission; four SDBs can be mounted in place of each JDAM position, allowing for the F-35 and F-22 to each carry eight of the weapons internally. The SDB II, a version incorporating a tri-mode seeker for all-weather, day/night engagements, is now being developed by Raytheon. The first units will be delivered for operational use in 2016 (see p. 61).

The F-35 also is being developed to carry nuclear weapons. Testing of nuclear munitions on the fighter is not slated to begin until after the aircraft development phase is complete.

In the meantime, F-35 developers are sharing the thermal and acoustic data being collected from the bay with the weapon manufacturers. While the bay environment is close to the design specifications of weapons already in the arsenal, the developers hope that sharing this information will help engineers crafting next-generation munitions to design them with those environmental factors in mind, Wagner says.

The Aug. 8 weapon separation test was a major milestone for the Pentagon-led F-35 program. To view a video of it, check out the digital edition of AW&ST on leading tablets and smartphones, or visit AviationWeek.com/jdamdrop

Integrating a number of diverse weapons onto the F-35 will be critical to the stealthy fighter's utility for its global customers. To view an interactive chart of weapons slated for use on the F-35, check out the digital edition of AW&ST on leading tablets and smartphones, or visit AviationWeek.com/jsfweapons

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看来还是要加钱才行

但传统机载武器不是长时间在极限条件下携带的，这是原设计没有想到的问题。

当老大不容易啊

计划中,不过洛马保证1月2号之前不开始执行,估计是赌老罗能选上.这样的话老罗拿下VA估计问题不大,那一万人的命运就和大选息息相关了.

酌情录取其中1000人到中国来工作怎么样？

这些人写代码速度又不如国内华为的码工,又不可能像华为的人那样加班.他们现在虽然很惨了,但美国现在的经济比09年还是好多了,他们干了三十年了,多少有点积蓄,军火公司也许还有养老金,他们降低点要求再混几年就可以退休了.其中搞关键技术的,说不定还签了啥协议不能跟别国打工了,美国人还是很把这种协议当回事的.

当初中国可以去苏联找这种人是因为苏联是完全崩溃了.美国只是在走下坡路,离崩溃还有点距离.